Experiment of Long Term Memory Retention

Experiment of Long Term Memory RetentionAbstractThe purpose of this study was to test the retention of long term retrospection based on retrieval environments. Our interrogation is based on Godden and Baddeleys (1976) study that foc intaked on the family relationship between retrieval environments and skill. The technique cognize as context-dependency which is defined as the belief that what is learnt in a given environment is best reminiscenceed in that environment is tested and compared to previous research (Godden Baddeley, 1975). An test was conducted at Foundation Campus at the University of primordial Lancashire with nine international student. Enlisting a repeated measures design and laboratory method, the participants are asked to learn and back out a list of 13 voice communication in the same environment, then they were asked to learn and recall an separate list of 13 words in 2 different attitudes. The results corroborate and support the context-dependency re collection effect.IntroductionThis experiments is about assessing the effect of retrieval environments when it comes to long term memory (LTM) recall. LTM is described as stored entropy that can be recalled over a long period of time e.g. days, weeks, etc. (Merriam-Webster, (2015). Godden and Baddeley (1995) decided to conduct an experiment to test this notion also known as context-dependency memory effect. Context-dependency memory effect is defined as the belief that what is learnt in a given environment is best recalled in that environment (Godden Baddeley, 1975).The level of Godden and Baddeleys research was to examine the association between learning and retrieval environments (Cardwell, Clark, and Meldrum, 200811). In auberge to carry out their experiment, Godden and Baddeley decided to enlist eighteen participants who were divers(prenominal) in Oban, Scotland (Cardwell, Clark, and Meldrum, 200811). Further much, the divers were instructed to learn a list of forty distinct words on land or, fifteen feet under water (Cardwell, Clark, and Meldrum, 200811). They were then asked to recall these words in a different location or in the same location (Cardwell, Clark, and Meldrum, 200811). Specifically, half of the divers were directed to a different location when the time came for memory recollection, plot of ground the other half remain in the same environment for memory recollection (Cardwell, Clark, and Meldrum, 200811). When partaking in Godden and Baddeleys experiment, the list of 40 words were revealed to participants in groups this allowed the divers to assume a relaxed/comfortable breathing rate in order to assure that the participants faced no obstacles when learning (Godden Baddeley, 1975). Additionally, apiece the list of words were revealed in blocks of three, and, the words were spaced at two second intervals (Godden Baddeley, 1975).When asked to recall, Godden and Baddeley found that those who well-educated and recalled in the same locat ion remembered the most words -12.5 on average (Cardwell, Clark, and Meldrum, 200811).According to the aforementi wizd graph, Godden and Baddeley found that when participant learned on land an recalled the information under water, they could only recall -on average -8.6 words, while those who learned under water and recalled the words land, only remembered 8.4 words on average (Godden Baddeley, 1975).This study based on Godden and Baddeleys research in 1975 allow examine and delve into the connection between learning and retrieval environments. This study will utilize students with diversified ethnic backgrounds and ages. Contrary to Godden and Baddeleys research, it will use two lists of thirteen simple words -all within one to three syllables in order to ensure acquaintance.Aim To examine the connection between learning and retrieval environments using Godden and Baddeleys study on context-dependency retrieval.Hypothesis Memory recollection in the same environment in which inf ormation was learned will yield higher recollections among participants. The opening for this experiment is directional, meaning the independent variable quantity (the retrieval location/environment) will directly affect the dependent variable (the accuracy/amount of words recalled).Method DesignA controlled laboratory experiment was utilised to elucidate a distinct cause and effect relationship between the independent and dependent variables. A controlled laboratory also enabled immense control over variables within the experiment, it also permitted unproblematic replication for future researchers and weak utilisation of equipment e.g. videos, etc.A repeated measures design was employed in order to negate/remove differences that numerous samples would possess. Due to this design, differences in gender, linguistic aptitude, comprehension and age were avoided.The independent variable in this experiment was the retrieval environment or location in which the participant were asked to recall the words i.e. the classroom or the canteen. The dependent variable was the quantity of words the participant could recall in each environment/location. A confounding variable could be the sound/ ruffle of police cars driving past the laboratory environment.In agreement with research principles/ethics, written informed consent forms were distributed to all participants before this experiment commenced. Participants were given the the right way to withdraw at any time, and immense confidentiality with participants information and results was promised and delivered.ParticipantsThere were ten participants five male and four female participants. The participants were obtained from diversified backgrounds non-native slope speakers and English speakers. Participants that contributed to this experiment were between the ages of eighteen to forty-seven. An prospect sample was enlisted for this experiment. This sample type allowed expediency when enlisting when procuring particip ants, it also enables replication for future research.MaterialsInformed combine ( addendum 1)Standardised Instructions (Appendix 2)Word List 1 (Appendix 3)Word List 2 (Appendix 4)Comical Video (Appendix 5)ProcedureInitially, the aforementioned materials were given to the participants. Secondly, in order to check for errors in our experiment, a pilot study was conducted to ensure validity in the experiment. subsequently the pilot study, a classroom and canteen was procured for the experiment. A mixed-gender opportunity sample of nine individuals ranging from 18 to 25 was obtained and directed into the classroom. During this experiment, the participants were first given an informed consent form (Appendix 1), after signing and agreeing to the form, they were shown the standardised instructions (Appendix 2). After the standardised instructions, the participants were given a piece of paper with experiment 1 written on one side, and experiment 2 written on the other side, -they were als o given pens to document their answers.Firstly, the participants were then shown Word List 1 (Appendix 3), secondly, they were given one sensitive to study the words, then they were shown a four minute Comical Video (Appendix 6), and then they were given approximately one minute to write down the words they could recall.In the next stage of our experiment, the same participants were asked to fox their paper over, then they were given exactly one minute to study Word list 2 (Appendix 4), the participants they were asked to walk around the Vernon Building (located in the University of Central Lancashires campus) to a canteen. When the participants arrived at the canteen, they were promptly seated and given one minute to recall and write down the words they could recall in one minute.ResultsThe result of this experiment were harmonious to that of Godden and Baddeleys in 1975. 66.67% of the participants recalled more words when their retrieval location was the same as the learning env ironment, while 11.11% percent of participants recalled more information when the recollection environment was not the same as the learning environment. Furthermore, 33.33% of the population recalled the same amount of words irrespective of the retrieval environment. These results were in consent with the hypothesis and Godden and Baddeleys research in 1975. The mean of the results was greatly corrupted by outliers with the samples results, in order to rectify this, the normal was enlisted to face a balanced assessment of the results. The median of recollection when the learning and recollection environments were the same is 9 words with a range of 6. When the learning and recollection were different, the median of the recollection data was 4, with a range of 9. Overall, it was quite evident that recollection in the same environment where information is learned yields better results. The results support context-dependency memory effect.DiscussionThe result of this experiment were harmonies with Godden and Baddeleys research, this fortified the immense reliability of their research, and proved that it could be replicated by others. The results of the experiment magnified the context-dependency memory effect, and supported the hypothesis Memory recollection in the same environment in which information was learned will yield higher recollections among participants.A laboratory method was angel for this experiment because it allowed for control over numerous variables, and, it permitted and enabled ease when measuring the dependent variable. Utilising a repeated measures design removed differences that individuals could possibly possess that would rob this experiment of credibility. It could also be argued that the fatigue effect which states that work has a general effect of running down the bodies limited energy supply adversely touch the participants recollection after walking around the Vernon Building (Hockey, 2013). Perhaps this is why only one out of t he nine participants recalled more on the second experiment.The low-pitched sample size on nine indicates that this experiment is not generalizable to bigger populations. Albeit the sample had a plethora of nationalities and ages, this suggests that no definite proclamations can be make about nationality or age. Furthermore, a confounding variable could be the sound/noise of police cars driving past the laboratory environment, or, the limited linguistic ability of some participants.Any further research/study into this topic could be ameliorated by enlisting a grander sample size, or, using both locations as learning and retrieval environments this provide a deeper insight into context-dependency memory effect. A longer list of words could also be employed to test retention in LTM.ReferencesCardwell, M., Clark, L. and Meldrum, C. (2008)Psychology AS For AQA A. 3rd edn. London Harper Collins Publishers. Godden, D. R., Baddeley, A. D. (1975). Context-dependent memory in two natural e nvironments On land and underwater.British Journal of Psychology, 66(3), 325331.Hockey, R. (2013) The Psychology of Fatigue Work, endeavor and Control. 1st edn. United Kingdom Cambridge University Press.Jansen, I. (2015). Charlie Chaplin The Lions Cage. online YouTube. Available at https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2dmV2-zxNg Accessed 10 Mar. 2015.Merriam-webster, (2015). Definition of Long-term Memory. online Merriam-webster.com. Available at http//www.merriam-webster.com/medical/long-term memory Accessed 6 Mar. 2015.AppendicesAppendix 1Appendix 2Appendix 3Appendix 4Appendix 5Comical Video provided and republished by Jansen (2015).Appendix 6